Defects of the Ribs:
Accessory Ribs: They are usually rudimentary, result from the development of the costal processes of cervical or lumbar vertebrae. The most common type of accessory ribs is a lumbar, and it does not cause problems.
Fused ribs: Fusion of ribs sometimes occurs posteriorly when two or more ribs arise from a single vertebra. It usually associated with a hemivertebra (figure 17 B).
Fused ribs: Fusion of ribs sometimes occurs posteriorly when two or more ribs arise from a single vertebra. It usually associated with a hemivertebra (figure 17 B).
Defects of the Sternum:
Pectus excavatum: a depressed sternum that is sunken posterior (the chest looks hollow).
Pectus Cariniatum (pigeon chest): the sternum is raise with protrusion of it and ribs (flatting of the chest bilaterally with an anteriorly projection sternum). This anomaly is opposite of Pectus excavatum.
Cleft Sternum: To fail midline fusion of sternal bands. It is associated with some congenital diseases such as congenital heart disease or Down syndrome.
Pectus Cariniatum (pigeon chest): the sternum is raise with protrusion of it and ribs (flatting of the chest bilaterally with an anteriorly projection sternum). This anomaly is opposite of Pectus excavatum.
Cleft Sternum: To fail midline fusion of sternal bands. It is associated with some congenital diseases such as congenital heart disease or Down syndrome.